Method of assaying enzyme-mediated oxidative demethylation

ABSTRACT

Methods of assaying enzyme-mediated oxidative demethylation are provided according to embodiments of the present invention which includes combining, under reaction conditions, an oxidative demethylation enzyme, a substrate for the oxidative demethylation enzyme and a formaldehyde detection reagent. Detection of fluorescence is indicative of formaldehyde generated by oxidative demethylation of the substrate by the enzyme, the fluorescence resulting from reaction of formaldehyde and the formaldehyde detection reagent.

GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP

This invention was made with government support under contract GM073839 awarded by NIGMS, NIH. The government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to methods and compositions for detection of formaldehyde. In specific embodiments, the present invention relates to detection of formaldehyde byproducts of enzyme activity and sensitive assays for enzyme activity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Formaldehyde is common byproduct formed in the oxidative demethylation of proteins, nucleic acids, and biological small molecules

Conventional methods for measuring enzyme-mediated oxidative demethylation are limited and cannot be used in high throughput screening for modulators of the enzymes. For example, known assays for formaldehyde formation from a demethylase reaction involve the use of radiolabeled (¹⁴C or ³H) methyl-peptide substrates with the subsequent formation, isolation and quantitation of radioactive formaldehyde. Alternative methods have included measurement of the formation of hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct of enzyme activity or Western blotting using methyl lysine specific antibodies. The measurement of hydrogen peroxide product to determine the activity of oxidative demethylases can be problematic in drug screening scenarios since the peroxide formed can react with the test compound or with other components of the demethylase reaction.

Despite their biological importance, oxidative demethylase enzyme activities have proven difficult to quantitatively assay hindering understanding of their kinetic properties, substrate specificities, and reaction mechanisms.

Thus, there is a continuing need for methods and compositions for detection of formaldehyde byproducts of enzyme activity and sensitive assays for enzyme activity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Methods of assaying enzyme-mediated oxidative demethylation are provided according to embodiments of the present invention which includes combining, under reaction conditions, an oxidative demethylation enzyme, a substrate for the oxidative demethylation enzyme and a formaldehyde detection reagent. Detection of fluorescence is indicative of formaldehyde generated by oxidative demethylation of the substrate by the enzyme, the fluorescence resulting from reaction of formaldehyde and the formaldehyde detection reagent.

In particular embodiments of methods of the present invention, an oxidative demethylation enzyme activity detected is a histone demethylase activity, a DNA demethylase activity or a P450 demethylase enzyme activity. In a preferred option, the oxidative demethylation enzyme activity assayed is a human oxidative demethylation enzyme.

In embodiments of the present invention, the formaldehyde detection reagent includes 4-amino-3-penten-2-one.

Embodiments of the present invention include mixing ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid in a solvent to produce the formaldehyde detection reagent. The ammonium acetate added to a concentration in the range of about 0.125M-8M, inclusive, the acetyl acetone added to a concentration in the range of about 0.005M-1.6M, inclusive, and the acetic acid added to a concentration in the range of about 0.0125M-3.2M, inclusive. In preferred embodiments, the formaldehyde detection reagent so produced is not purified to remove unreacted ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and/or acetic acid.

Method of producing a formaldehyde detection reagent are provided according to the present invention which include mixing ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid in a solvent, the ammonium acetate added to a concentration in the range of about 0.125M-8M, inclusive, the acetyl acetone added to a concentration in the range of about 0.005M-1.6M, inclusive, and the acetic acid added to a concentration in the range of about 0.0125M-3.2M, inclusive, to produce the formaldehyde detection reagent. Optionally, the solvent is aqueous.

Methods of screening a test agent for activity to modulate an oxidative demethylation enzyme are provided according to embodiments of the present invention which include preparing a test reaction including an oxidative demethylation enzyme, a substrate for the oxidative demethylation enzyme, a test agent and a formaldehyde detection reagent under reaction conditions which allow generation of formaldehyde by oxidative demethylation of the substrate by the enzyme in the absence of the test agent. Fluorescence is assayed in the test reaction and detected fluorescence is indicative of reaction of formaldehyde and the formaldehyde detection reagent in the test reaction. Assays according to embodiments of the present invention allow precise quantitatation of formaldehyde and therefore inventive assays allow a user to determine enzyme kinetic characteristics for each particular oxidative demethylase enzyme, for example in the presence or absence of a putative modulator.

Fluorescence detected in the test reaction is compared with fluorescence detected in a control and a difference in detected fluorescence comparing the test reaction and control is indicative of a change in activity of the oxidative demethylation enzyme in the presence of the test agent.

Optionally, a plurality of test reactions is prepared, fluorescence is detected in the plurality of test reactions and the detected fluorescence in the plurality of test reactions is compared with one or more controls to determine whether a test agent is a modulator of demethylating activity of an oxidative demethylation enzyme.

Methods of detecting formaldehyde are provided according to embodiments of the present invention which include reacting a formaldehyde detection reagent and a sample to be tested for the presence of formaldehyde, thereby generating a test sample; and detecting fluorescence in the test sample. In preferred embodiments the sample is a liquid sample and the formaldehyde detection reagent is a liquid.

Methods of detecting formaldehyde are provided according to embodiments of the present invention which include mixing ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid in a solvent, the ammonium acetate added to a concentration in the range of about 0.125M-8M, inclusive, the acetyl acetone added to a concentration in the range of about 0.005M-1.6M, inclusive, and the acetic acid added to a concentration in the range of about 0.0125M-3.2M, inclusive, to produce a formaldehyde detection reagent; reacting the formaldehyde detection reagent with a sample to be tested for the presence of formaldehyde, thereby generating a test sample; and detecting fluorescence in the test sample. In preferred embodiments, the formaldehyde detection reagent so produced is not purified to remove unreacted ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and/or acetic acid prior to reaction with the sample. Thus, for example, following combination of ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid in a solvent to produce a solution which is a formaldehyde detection reagent, also called Luminos reagent herein, in preferred embodiments the formaldehyde detection reagent is used “as is” without purification, addition, or removal of material from the solution. Optionally, in preferred embodiments, a preservative, such as an antimicrobial, is added to the Luminos reagent and the formaldehyde detection reagent including the preservative is used “as is” without purification, addition, or removal of material from the solution.

Kits for detecting liquid phase formaldehyde are provided according to embodiments of the present invention which include a formaldehyde detection reagent, the reagent produced by mixing ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid in a solvent, the ammonium acetate added to a concentration in the range of about 0.125M-8M, inclusive, the acetyl acetone added to a concentration in the range of about 0.005M-1.6M, inclusive, and the acetic acid added to a concentration in the range of about 0.0125M-3.2M, inclusive. In preferred embodiments, the formaldehyde detection reagent so produced is not purified to remove unreacted ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and/or acetic acid prior to reaction with the sample.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a diagram showing a reaction scheme of an (FAD)-dependent Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) histone demethylase;

FIG. 1B is a diagram showing a reaction scheme of an Fe(II)-dependent Jumonji C (JmjC) histone demethylase;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing results of an assay for oxidative demethylase activity according to embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing results of an assay for oxidative demethylase activity according to embodiments of the present invention; and

FIG. 4 is a graph showing a formaldehyde standard curve generated using assays and formaldehyde detection reagent according to embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Methods for measuring enzyme-mediated oxidative demethylation activity are provided according to embodiments of the present invention. Assays of the present invention allow for quantitative and direct measurement of the oxidative demethylase enzyme activity reaction by-product formaldehyde while limiting interference due to excitation or emission artifacts. Assays of the present invention find utility, for example, in screening assays for drugs which affect enzyme-mediated oxidative demethylation reactions.

Methods of assaying oxidative demethylation of a substrate by an oxidative demethylation enzyme are provided according to embodiments of the present invention which include combining an oxidative demethylation enzyme, a substrate for the oxidative demethylation enzyme and a formaldehyde detection reagent. Fluorescence from a reaction product of formaldehyde and the formaldehyde detection reagent is then detected, thereby assaying for enzyme activity since the formaldehyde is generated by oxidative demethylation of the substrate by the enzyme.

Enzyme activity assays of the present invention are readily adapted to high-throughput screening, such as screening for oxidative demethylase modulators.

The terms “oxidative demethylases” and “oxidative demethylation enzymes” and the singular form of these terms are used interchangeably herein to refer to enzymes which catalyze removal of at least one methyl group from a protein, a peptide, a nucleic acid, and/or a biological small molecule. Examples of formaldehyde-producing oxidative demethylase enzymes include, but are not limited to, DNA demethylases, histone demethylases (HDMs), and cytochrome P450 enzymes that demethylate drugs and other xenobiotic compounds.

Histone demethylases include lysine-specific and arginine-specific histone demethylases.

Lysine-specific HDMs were first discovered in 2004 and are currently among the most actively studied formaldehyde-producing oxidative demethylase enzymes. HDMs catalyze the site-specific demethylation of methyllysine residues in histones to dynamically regulate chromatin structure, gene expression, and potentially other genomic functions. Histone demethylases are described, for example, in F. Tamanoi and S. Clarke, The Enzymes, Volume 24: Protein Methyltransferases, Academic Press; 1st ed., 2006.

At present, there are two known classes of lysine-specific HDMs: the flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD)-dependent Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) family, such as described in Y. Shi et al. Cell, 119: 941-953, 2004, and the Fe(II)-dependent Jumonji C (JmjC) family, such as described in Y. Tsukada, et al., Nature, 439:811-816, 2006. Although the LSD1 and JmjC HDMs employ different cofactors and catalytic mechanisms, both produce formaldehyde as a byproduct of the demethylation reaction.

FIG. 1 illustrates schematic chemical mechanisms of lysine demethylation. In FIG. 1A flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) dependent demethylation of mono- and dimethyllysines by LSD1 is shown. The oxidation of the methyl ε-ammonium group forms an imine intermediate that subsequently hydrolyzes to yield the demethylated lysine and a molecule of formaldehyde.

In FIG. 1B Fe(II)-dependent demethylation of mono-, di-, and trimethyllysines by JmjC HDMs is illustrated. Using the cofactors O₂ and alpha-ketoglutarate (2-OG), JmjC enzymes catalyze the hydroxylation of a lysine methyl group via a radical-based mechanism, forming the products succinate and CO₂. The hydroxyl-methyl ammonium hemiaminal intermediate subsequently decomposes to yield the demethylated lysine and formaldehyde.

Examples of lysine-specific HDMs include LSD1 (H3K4-specific) as described in Shi Y, Lan F, Matson C, Mulligan P, Whetstine J R, Cole P A, Casero R A, Shi Y. (2004) Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSD1. Cell. 119: 941-53; JHDM1a (H3K36me1/2-specific) as described in Tsukada Y, Fang J, Erdjument-Bromage H, Warren M E, Borchers C H, Tempst P, Zhang Y. (2006) Histone demethylation by a family of JmjC domain-containing proteins. Nature. 439: 811-6; JHDM2a (H3K9me1/2-specific) as described in Yamane K, Toumazou C, Tsukada Y, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Wong J, Zhang Y. (2006) JHDM2A, a JmjC-containing H3K9 demethylase, facilitates transcription activation by androgen receptor. Cell. 125:483-95; JHDM3A/JMJD2A Family (H3K9me2/3 and H3K36me2/3-specific) as described in Klose R J, Yamane K, Bae Y, Zhang D, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Wong J, Zhang Y. (2006) The transcriptional repressor JHDM3A demethylates trimethyl histone H3 lysine 9 and lysine 36. Nature. 442: 312-6; Whetstine J R, Nottke A, Lan F, Huarte M, Smolikov S, Chen Z, Spooner E, Li E, Zhang G, Colaiacovo M, Shi Y. (2006) Reversal of histone lysine trimethylation by the JMJD2 family of histone demethylases. Cell. 125: 467-81; Fodor B D, Kubicek S, Yonezawa M, O'Sullivan R J, Sengupta R, Perez-Burgos L, Opravil S, Mechtler K, Schotta G, Jenuwein T. (2006) Jmjd2b antagonizes H3K9 trimethylation at pericentric heterochromatin in mammalian cells. Genes Dev. 20: 1557-62; Cloos P A, Christensen J, Agger K, Maiolica A, Rappsilber J, Antal T, Hansen K H, Helin K. (2006) The putative oncogene GASC1 demethylates tri- and dimethylated lysine 9 on histone H3. Nature. 442: 307-11; JARID1 Family (H3K4me2/3-specific) as described in Klose R J, Yan Q, Tothova Z, Yamane K, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Gilliland D G, Zhang Y, Kaelin W G Jr. (2007) The retinoblastoma binding protein RBP2 is an H3K4 demethylase. Cell. 128: 889-900; Christensen J, Agger K, Cloos P A, Pasini D, Rose S, Sennels L, Rappsilber J, Hansen K H, Salcini A E, Helin K. (2007) RBP2 belongs to a family of demethylases, specific for tri- and dimethylated lysine 4 on histone 3. Cell. 128: 1063-76; Iwase S, Lan F, Bayliss P, de la Torre-Ubieta L, Huarte M, Qi H H, Whetstine J R, Bonni A, Roberts T M, Shi Y. (2007) The X-linked mental retardation gene SMCX/JARID1C defines a family of histone H3 lysine 4 demethylases. Cell. 128: 1077-88; Lee M G, Norman J, Shilatifard A, Shiekhattar R. (2007) Physical and functional association of a trimethyl H3K4 demethylase and Ring6a/MBLR, a polycomb-like protein. Cell. 128: 877-87; Yamane K, Tateishi K, Klose R J, Fang J, Fabrizio L A, Erdjument-Bromage H, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Tempst P, Zhang Y. (2007) PLU-1 is an H3K4 demethylase involved in transcriptional repression and breast cancer cell proliferation. Mol Cell. 25: 801-12; UTX-JMJD3 (H3K27me2/3-specific) as described in De Santa F, Totaro M G, Prosperini E, Notarbartolo S, Testa G, Natoli G. (2007) The histone H3 lysine-27 demethylase Jmjd3 links inflammation to inhibition of polycomb-mediated gene silencing. Cell. 130: 1083-94; Agger K, Clobs P A, Christensen J, Pasini D, Rose S, Rappsilber J, Issaeva I, Canaani E, Salcini A E, Helin K. (2007) UTX and JMJD3 are histone H3K27 demethylases involved in HOX gene regulation and development. Nature. 449: 731-4; and Lan F, Bayliss P E, Rinn J L, Whetstine J R, Wang J K, Chen S, Iwase S, Alpatov R, Issaeva I, Canaani E, Roberts T M, Chang H Y, Shi Y. (2007) A histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase regulates animal posterior development. Nature. 449: 689-94.

Examples of arginine-specific histone demethylases include JMJD6 as described in B. Chang et al., Science, 2007, 318:444-447. JMJD6 demethylates H3R2me2 and H4R3me2.

DNA demethylases catalyze the removal of methyl groups from methylated nucleotides, such as DNA and RNA nucleotides, through oxidation to form formaldehyde as a byproduct. Examples of DNA demethylases include the Escherichia coli AlkB protein and human homologs, such as described in Wei, Y. F. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 24 (5):931-937, 1996; Westbye, M. P. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 283(36):25046-25056, 2008; Aas, P. A. et al., Nature, 421(6925): 859-863, 2003; and Kondo, H. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 261(33):15772-15777, 1986.

Cytochrome P450 oxidative demethylases demethylate drugs and other xenobiotic compounds, producing formaldehyde as a byproduct. Examples of P450 oxidative demethylases include 14α-methyl demethylase cytochrome P450, such as described in Trzaskos et al., J. Biol. Chem., 261:14651-14657, 1986 and enzymes described in Hollenberg, P. F., FASEB J., 6:686-694, 1992 and McLean, K. J., et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans, 34:1178-1182, 2006.

Assays of the present invention can be used with oxidative demethylases from any species, including but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, birds, rodents, fish, amphibians, reptiles, viruses, bacteria, plants and fungi. In preferred embodiments, assays of the present invention include one or more human oxidative demethylases.

A sample containing one or more oxidative demethylases can be assayed for oxidative demethylase activity according to embodiments of the present invention. A sample can be a sample obtained from a subject, such as a bodily fluid, cell or tissue sample illustratively including blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, ascites, cerebrospinal fluid, cerebroventricular fluid, pleural fluids, pulmonary and bronchial lavage samples, mucous, sweat, tears, semen, bladder wash samples, amniotic fluid, lymph, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, bone marrow aspirate, tumor cells or tissue, organ cells and tissue, such as biopsy material.

Oxidative demethylases can be obtained commercially or prepared for inclusion in an inventive assay by any of various methods, such as by recombinant molecular methodology using well-known techniques.

The terms “oxidative demethylases” and “oxidative demethylation enzymes” include amino acid sequence variants of wild-type oxidative demethylases. Amino acid sequence variants can have one or more amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. Amino acid variants of oxidative demethylases can have a single amino acid difference compared to a wild-type oxidative demethylase or may have more than one amino acid difference. In general, amino acid sequence variants have about at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97,%, 98%, 99% or more amino acid sequence identity with a reference wild-type oxidative demethylase.

Percent identity is typically determined by comparison of amino acid sequences. Algorithms used for determination of percent identity illustratively include the algorithms of S. Karlin and S. Altshul, PNAS, 90:5873-5877, 1993; T. Smith and M. Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482-489, 1981, S. Needleman and C. Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol., 48:443-453, 1970, W. Pearson and D. Lipman, PNAS, 85:2444-2448, 1988 and others incorporated into computerized implementations such as, but not limited to, GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, TFASTA; and BLAST, for example incorporated in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis.) and publicly available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Amino acid sequence variants of wild-type oxidative demethylases can be prepared by recombinant molecular techniques, such as site-specific mutagenesis or PCR-mediated mutagenesis to produce a nucleic acid encoding an amino acid sequence variant of a wild-type oxidative demethylase. The mutant nucleic acid can then be expressed, for example in recombinant cells in culture, to produce an amino acid sequence variant of a wild-type oxidative demethylase.

Substrates for oxidative demethylation enzymes can be naturally occurring or synthetic protein, peptide, nucleic acid and/or small organic molecule substrates. Substrates for particular oxidative demethylation enzymes are known or can be easily ascertained by one of ordinary skill in the art through routine experimentation.

Examples of naturally occurring protein substrates for histone demethylases are free and nucleosomal histones. Histones can be isolated from cell nuclei, for example as described in Kornberg, R. D., et al., Methods Enzymol., 170:3-14 or obtained commercially from various sources such as Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.

Synthetic peptides can be used as substrates for oxidative demethylation enzymes. In particular embodiments, peptides including at least one methylated lysine are substrates for lysine demethylases. For example, a synthetic peptide, H₂N-ARTKQTARK(tri-methyl)STGGKA-amide (SEQ ID NO. 1), also called H3K9me3, is a substrate for human JmjD2a. Residues 1-21 from the N-terminal tail of human histone H3, dimethylated on the side-chain, ε-amino function, of lysine-4: ARTK (Me2) QTARKSTGGKAPRKQLA-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO. 2), is a substrate for histone lysine demethylases.

Additional substrates for particular oxidative demethylases are known in the art and can be used in assays and included in kits according to embodiments of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of such substrates are described in Tian, X. et al., Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 39(2):81-88, 2007.

Reaction Conditions

In particular embodiments, reaction conditions for oxidative demethylation enzyme activity assays of the present invention include, but are not limited to, reaction conditions which approximate physiological conditions with respect to one or more of: temperature, pH and ionic strength. Specific reaction conditions depend on the identity of the reaction components and determination of suitable reaction conditions is performed without undue experimentation by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Cofactors or other reagents suitable for use in assays of the present invention can be included in test and control reactions. Enzyme cofactors included depend on the identity of the particular oxidative demethylation enzyme assayed and such cofactors are known or can be determined by one of skill in the art employing routine experimentation. For example Fe(II), O₂ and alpha-ketoglutarate (2-OG) are cofactors for JmjC HDMs. FAD is a cofactor for LSD1 HDMs.

In specific embodiments, methods of the present invention include a fluorescent assay that detects formaldehyde via its reaction with a formaldehyde detection reagent.

In embodiments of the present invention, 4-amino-3-penten-2-one, also known as Fluoral P, is a formaldehyde detection reagent included in an oxidative demethylase assay. Fluoral P reacts with formaldehyde to produce a fluorescent product as shown in Scheme 1.

In particular embodiments, a formaldehyde detection reagent termed the “Luminos reagent” herein, is used in assays of the present invention which is produced by mixing ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid in a solvent. Any aqueous or non-aqueous solvent can be used in which the ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid are soluble. In preferred embodiments, the solvent is water.

In embodiments of the present invention, Luminos reagent is produced by generating a mixture in which: ammonium acetate has a final concentration in the range of about 0.125M-8M, inclusive, acetyl acetone has a final concentration in the range of about 0.005M-1.6M, inclusive, and acetic acid has a final concentration in the range of about 0.0125M-3.2M, inclusive. In preferred embodiments, Luminos reagent is produced by generating a mixture in which: ammonium acetate has a final concentration in the range of about 0.25M-6M, inclusive, acetyl acetone has a final concentration in the range of about 0.01M-0.5M, inclusive, and acetic acid has a final concentration in the range of about 0.025M-1.0M, inclusive. In further preferred embodiments, Luminos reagent is produced by generating a mixture in which: ammonium acetate has a final concentration in the range of about 0.75M-4M, inclusive, acetyl acetone has a final concentration in the range of about 0.015M-0.16M, inclusive, and acetic acid has a final concentration in the range of about 0.025M-0.1M, inclusive. In a further preferred embodiment, Luminos reagent is prepared as a solution of about 1M ammonium acetate, about 0.02M acetylacetone and about 0.05M acetic acid.

The Luminos reagent reacts with formaldehyde to form an adduct that exhibits an emission maximum at 510 nm when excited between 340 to 460 nm. The Luminos reagent is a highly sensitive formaldehyde detection reagent and can detect formaldehyde concentrations of about 100 nanomolar or lower as well as higher concentrations.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that 4-amino-3-penten-2-one is formed in the Luminos reagent. One or more additional species reactive with formaldehyde to form a fluorescent adduct may also be present. In contrast to commercially available formulations, the 4-amino-3-penten-2-one in the Luminos reagent is not separated from unreacted materials and unexpectedly, the fluorescent signal:noise ratio produced in assays of the present invention using the Luminos reagent is higher than that produced using a comparable amount of purified 4-amino-3-penten-2-one. Thus, when an amount of Luminos reagent prepared as described in Example 1 and an amount of 95% pure 4-amino-3-penten-2-one obtained commercially from Maybridge International are adjusted to have identical OD at 300 nm, the Luminos reagent yields a higher signal:noise ratio in formaldehyde detection assays described herein.

Thus, for example, following combination of ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid in a solvent to produce a solution which is a formaldehyde detection reagent, also called Luminos reagent herein, in preferred embodiments the formaldehyde detection reagent is used “as is” without purification, addition, or removal of material from the solution. Optionally, in preferred embodiments, a preservative, such as an antimicrobial, is added to the Luminos reagent and the formaldehyde detection reagent including the preservative is used “as is” without purification, addition, or removal of material from the solution.

Optionally, a preservative is present in the formaldehyde detection reagent. For example, a biocidal agent is present in amounts suitable to inhibit microbial growth in the formaldehyde detection reagent. An exemplary preservative is sodium azide.

An amount of a formaldehyde detection reagent, such as 4-amino-3-penten-2-one and Luminos reagent included in an assay according to embodiments of the present invention depends on the amount of formaldehyde produced in an oxidative demethylase reaction and appropriate amounts for a particular assay can be determined by one of skill in the art using routine experimentation. Generally, purified 4-amino-3-penten-2-one from 0.1 to 10 mg/mL can be used in an assay according to embodiments of the present invention. Similarly, various volumes of Luminos reagent can be used in conjunction with an assay according to embodiments of the present invention. For levels of formaldehyde between 200 and 1 μM a ratio of 2 parts sample to 1 part Luminos reagent could be used. For higher formaldehyde concentrations, lower ratios of Luminos reagent can be used. For lower formaldehyde concentrations higher ratios may give better sensitivity.

Assays may be carried out on cuvettes, microtiter plates, or other vessels capable of being used for fluorescent measurements with volumes ranging from several milliliters down to nanoliter volumes.

Assays according to embodiments of the present invention include detection of a fluorescent adduct of 4-amino-3-penten-2-one and formaldehyde having an emission maximum at 510 nm when excited between 340 to 460 nm. Fluorescence detection is accomplished using any suitable fluorescence detection methods and apparatus. Fluorescence detection methods and fluorometric apparatus are well-known, for example, as described in J. R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Springer, 3rd ed., 2006.

Methods of screening a test agent for activity to modulate an oxidative demethylation enzyme are provided according to embodiments of the present invention which include preparing a test reaction including an oxidative demethylation enzyme, a substrate for the oxidative demethylation enzyme, a test agent and a formaldehyde detection reagent under conditions which allow generation of formaldehyde by oxidative demethylation of the substrate by the enzyme in the absence of the test agent. The test reaction is assayed for fluorescence indicative of formaldehyde in the test reaction. Fluorescence detected in the test reaction is compared with a control and differences in detected fluorescence in the test reaction and control are indicative of a change in activity of the oxidative demethylation enzyme in the presence of the test agent.

Methods of detecting formaldehyde are provided according to embodiments of the present invention which include combining ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid to produce a formaldehyde detection reagent, a Luminos reagent, as described herein. The formaldehyde detection reagent is incubated with a sample to be tested for the presence of formaldehyde, thereby generating a test sample. The test sample is assayed for fluorescence, detected fluorescence indicative of the presence of formaldehyde in the test sample.

Methods of quantifying the absolute amount of formaldehyde in a sample according to embodiments of the present invention optionally include generation of a standard or standard curve using known amounts of formaldehyde and comparing fluorescence generated in the sample with the fluorescence generated using the standard or standards to ascertain the amount of formaldehyde in the sample.

In embodiments of the present invention, formaldehyde is detected in a sample using a Luminos reagent as described herein. The sample can be a sample obtained from a subject, such as a bodily fluid, cell or tissue sample. In preferred embodiments, the sample is a liquid sample, such as blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, ascites, cerebrospinal fluid, cerebroventricular fluid, pleural fluids, pulmonary and bronchial lavage samples, mucous, sweat, tears, semen, bladder wash samples, amniotic fluid, lymph, peritoneal fluid and synovial fluid.

A “test agent” is any molecule, such as a protein, peptide, small organic molecule, polysaccharide, oligosaccharide, oligonucleotide or polynucleotide to be tested for activity to modulate activity of an oxidative demethylation enzyme in an assay according to embodiments of the present invention.

Test agents can be obtained from any of numerous sources for use in methods of the present invention. For example, libraries of natural or synthetic organic compounds are available or readily produced using well-known isolation and/or synthetic techniques. Generation of organic compounds as test agents, including small organic molecules and biomolecules, using directed or random synthesis is readily accomplished using conventional technologies such as chemical, biochemical and/or recombinant technologies. Known pharmacological substances can be used as test agents in methods of the present invention and such known pharmacological substances can be modified to produce additional test agents using conventional technologies such as chemical, biochemical and/or recombinant technologies, including, for example, acylation, alkylation, amidification and/or esterification.

Proteins and peptides used as test agents may include naturally occurring amino acids linked by peptide bonds and/or may include synthetic peptidomimetic structures. In particular embodiments, peptides have from about 2-about 30 amino acids or more. Such proteins and peptides may be derived from any source, illustratively including mammalian, avian, reptilian, amphibian, bacterial and viral. Human proteins and peptides are particularly preferred as test agents. Proteins and peptides can be from any source, such as naturally occurring biomolecules, digested or chemically cleaved fragments of naturally occurring biomolecules or directed or randomly synthesized proteins and peptides.

Nucleic acid test agents can be oligonucleotides or polynucleotides in particular embodiments. Oligonucleotides have from about 2-about 30 covalently linked nucleotides and/or any of various nucleotide analogs. Oligonucleotides and polynucleotides used as test agents can be from any source, such as naturally occurring biomolecules, digested or chemically cleaved fragments of naturally occurring biomolecules or directed or randomly synthesized oligonucleotides and polynucleotides. Such oligonucleotides and polynucleotides may be derived from any source, illustratively including mammalian, avian, reptilian, amphibian, bacterial and viral.

Carbohydrate test agents can be oligosaccharides or polysaccharides in particular embodiments. Oligonucleotides have from about 2-about 10 covalently linked sugars and/or any of various sugar analogs. Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides used as test agents can be from any source, such as naturally occurring biomolecules, digested or chemically cleaved fragments of naturally occurring biomolecules or directed or randomly synthesized oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. Such oligosaccharides or polysaccharides may be derived from any source, illustratively including mammalian, avian, reptilian, amphibian, bacterial and viral.

A wide variety of small molecule organic compound test agents are available from commercial source or can be readily produced, for example, as described in G. Fassina and S. Miertus (Eds.), Combinatorial Chemistry and Technologies: Methods and Applications, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, 2005.

One of skill in the art will recognize that test agents can be combinations of proteins, peptides, small organic molecules, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, oligonucleotides and/or polynucleotides, such as glycoproteins.

Control Reactions

Results of assays according to embodiments of the present invention are compared to a control or standard in order to assess the results, such as the activity level of an enzyme and/or the ability of a test agent to modulate activity of an enzyme. For example, a negative control reaction is prepared according to particular embodiments which excludes a component of a test reaction, such as a cofactor necessary for enzyme activity and/or a substrate for the enzyme. A positive control reaction can be performed which includes all reaction components necessary to produce formaldehyde as a reaction product of oxidative demethylation, such as an oxidative demethylase, a substrate for the oxidative demethylase and one or more cofactors. Alternative positive controls include a sample containing formaldehyde, such as a known amount of formaldehyde. In particular embodiments, a plurality of assays is performed in parallel using a range of amounts of formaldehyde.

An inhibitor of an oxidative demethylase can be included in an assay according to embodiments of the present invention. An inhibitor is incubated with a sample putatively containing an oxidative demethylase and/or in a reaction containing a known amount of an oxidative demethylase, for example, as an assay control.

Because LSD1 belongs to the family of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidases, certain inhibitors of monoamine oxidases (MAOs), including the clinically used antidepressant trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (PCPA; tranylcypromine; Parnate), inhibit LSD1 and can be included in an assay of the present invention in a control reaction.

A difference between a result of a test reaction and a result of a control reaction is generally considered significant when the difference is greater than the experimental error associated with the assay. Assessment of significance of differences in assays can be performed using conventional statistical techniques.

High Throughput Screening

Methods for screening test agents for activity to modulate oxidative demethylase activity are provided according to embodiments of the present invention. In particular embodiments, methods according to the present invention are high throughput screening methods. High throughput screening methods typically allow for assay of many test agents and samples, often using automation.

High throughput screening methods can incorporate high throughput screening systems which automate some or all aspects of the assay procedure, such as automated reagent dispensing, reaction timing, heating or cooling, mixing and reading assay output. High throughput systems are commercially available, for example from Beckman Coulter, Inc.

Assays according to embodiments of the present invention can be performed in any of a variety of reaction vessel formats, illustratively including, but not limited to, microfuge tubes, microtiter plates such as plates having 96, 384, 1536 or another number of wells or similar supports containing depressions for receiving reaction components or a prepared reaction.

In one example, test agents are assayed in parallel for enzyme modulatory activity individually or in mixtures by placing assay components, including an oxidative demethylase, an oxidative demethylase substrate, one or more cofactors and a formaldehyde detection reagent, in reaction vessels, and the fluorescence of each reaction vessel detected using an appropriate detection device. Test agents which modulate the oxidative demethylase are identified by an increase or decrease in produced formaldehyde as detected by increased or decreased fluorescence compared to a control reaction performed in absence of the test agent.

In embodiments of assays of the present invention, formaldehyde production is measured at two or more time points in order to acquire kinetic information relating to enzyme activity. Thus, for example, fluorescence is detected in a reaction at two or more time points.

Kits

Kits for use in performing assays according to embodiments of the present invention are provided which include reaction components necessary for detecting formaldehyde in a liquid sample. In particular embodiments, kits for use in performing assays according to embodiments of the present invention are provided which include a formaldehyde detection reagent which forms a fluorescent product in the presence of formaldehyde. The formaldehyde detection reagent preferably includes 4-amino-3-penten-2-one. In a preferred option, the formaldehyde detection reagent including 4-amino-3-penten-2-one is a Luminos reagent produced by generating a mixture in which: ammonium acetate has a final concentration in the range of about 0.125M-8M, inclusive, acetyl acetone has a final concentration in the range of about 0.005M-1.6M, inclusive, and acetic acid has a final concentration in the range of about 0.0125M-3.2M, inclusive. In preferred embodiments, Luminos reagent included in an inventive kit is produced by generating a mixture in which: ammonium acetate has a final concentration in the range of about 0.25M-6M, inclusive, acetyl acetone has a final concentration in the range of about 0.01M-0.5M, inclusive, and acetic acid has a final concentration in the range of about 0.025M-1.0M, inclusive. In further preferred embodiments, Luminos reagent included in an inventive kit is produced by generating a mixture in which: ammonium acetate has a final concentration in the range of about 0.75M-4M, inclusive, acetyl acetone has a final concentration in the range of about 0.015M-0.16M, inclusive, and acetic acid has a final concentration in the range of about 0.025M-0.1M, inclusive. In a further preferred embodiment, Luminos reagent included in an inventive kit is prepared as a solution of about 1M ammonium acetate, about 0.02M acetylacetone and about 0.05M acetic acid.

In a further option, one or more oxidative demethylase substrates, cofactors, buffers and/or diluents is included in a kit according to embodiments of the present invention.

In one embodiment, a kit of the present invention is an LSD-1 assay kit. Optionally, an LSD-1 kit according to embodiments of the present invention includes LSD-1 or a fragment thereof, such as the N-terminal truncation of human LSD-1 having residues 151-852, Genbank Accession # NM_(—)015013.

An LSD-1 substrate is optionally included in a kit for assay of LSD-1. For example, mono- or dimethylated histone H3, lysine residue 4 (H3,K4) or histone H3, lysine 9 (H3K9) is included in embodiments of inventive kits.

FAD is optionally included in a kit for assay of LSD-1.

In a further embodiment, a kit of the present invention is an Jumonji Type Histone Demethylase assay kit. Optionally, an Jumonji Type Histone Demethylase kit according to embodiments of the present invention includes a Jumonji-type histone demethylase or a fragment thereof such as the catalytic domain, residues 1-350, of the human Jumonji-type histone demethylase JMJD2A.

A Jumonji-type histone demethylase substrate is optionally included in a kit for assay of a Jumonji-type histone demethylase. For example, H3K9me3 substrate peptide is included in embodiments of inventive kits.

A cofactor of a Jumonji-type histone demethylase is optionally included in a Jumonji-type histone demethylase assay kit.

Embodiments of inventive compositions and methods are illustrated in the following examples. These examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not considered limitations on the scope of inventive compositions and methods.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Preparation of Luminos Reagent for Formaldehyde Detection

A “Luminos reagent” for formaldehyde detection used in methods according to the present invention is prepared by mixing ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid with a solvent. The product of this mixing is termed the “Luminos reagent” herein.

In this example, to make the Luminos reagent, a solution having a final concentration of 1M ammonium acetate, 0.05 M glacial acetic acid, 0.02 M acetylacetone and 0.90% sodium azide is generated. To make a 1 mL amount of the Luminos reagent, 77.08 mg of ammonium acetate is mixed with 0.70 mLs of deionized water. Then, 2.874 μLs of 17.4 M glacial acetic acid is slowly added to the ammonium acetate solution and stirred until mixed. Acetylacetone, 2.053 μLs, is added to the ammonium acetate/acetic acid solution with vigorous stirring until mixed. Sodium azide, 0.90 mg, is added with further stirring and the mixture is brought to a final volume of 1 milliliter with deionized water and mixed thoroughly. The Luminos reagent is stable at 4° C. for nine months or more and at −20° C. for greater than two years.

Using pure formaldehyde as a standard, the reagent for formaldehyde detection used in methods of the present invention has a range between 200 and 3.125 μM formaldehyde. In sensitivity studies the reagent measures below 1 μM formaldehyde in water, particularly 100 nanomolar and below. Twenty replicates of the zero standard, water, gave an average reading of 1,706.4±96.1 FLU. Twenty replicates of the 3.125 μM formaldehyde standard gave an average reading of 2,481.2±134.3 FLU. Therefore the sensitivity of detection, as measured at 2 standard deviations above the zero standard (95% confidence limits), is calculated as 0.775 μM. [Delta signal between 0 and 3.125 μM was 774.8 FLU and 2 standard deviations is 2×96.1=192.2 giving the sensitivity as (2 SD signal/Delta signal)×delta formaldehyde].

A direct comparison of purified Fluoral P, 4-amino-3-penten-2-one, obtained from Maybridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK and the Luminos reagent for formaldehyde detection used in methods of the present invention provides distinct results. Both reagents are dissolved in identical buffers, 1M ammonium acetate, 0.05M acetic acid, pH 6, and identical formaldehyde standards are used in the comparison. The purified Fluoral P in the presence of a 200 μM formaldehyde standard gives a mean of 46000 FLU and the same reagent in the presence of a zero (water) standard gives 4000 FLU for a signal-to-noise ratio of 11. The Luminos reagent in the presence of a 200 μM formaldehyde standard gives a mean of over 44000 FLU and gives a zero of 1400 FLU under the same conditions and a signal to noise for the 200 μM formaldehyde standard of 32.

Example 2

Assay of Jumonji Type Histone Demethylase Activity

A series of demethylase assays with Luminos reagent are performed. These assays are conducted with recombinantly produced catalytic domain, residues 1-350, of the human histone demethylase JMJD2A that demethylates the trimethylated forms of Lys9 and Lys36 in histone H3.

Residues 1-350, of the human histone demethylase JMJD2A (SEQ ID NO. 3):

MASESETLNPSARIMTFYPTMEEFRNFSRYIAYIESQGAHRAGLAKVVPP KEWKPRASYDDIDDLVIPAPIQQLVTGQSGLFTQYNIQKKAMTVREFRKI ANSDKYCTPRYSEFEELERKYWKNLTFNPPIYGADVNGTLYEKHVDEWNI GRLRTILDLVEKESGITIEGVNTPYLYFGMWKTSFAWHTEDMDLYSINYL HFGEPKSWYSVPPEHGKRLERLAKGFFPGSAQSCEAFLRHKMTLISPLML KKYGIPFDKVTQEAGEFMITFPYGYHAGFNHGFNCAESTNFATRRWIEYG KQAVLCSCRKDMVKISMDVFVRKFQPERYKLWKAGKDNTVIDHTLPTPEA

A positive control assay is performed using a 100 microliter assay cocktail of 20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM Sodium Ascorbate, 0.05 mM FeSO₄, and 5 μM JMJD2A. The assay is initiated by the addition of the cofactor 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG, 0.5 mM) and a 15-residue histone H3 trimethylated Lys9 (H3K9me3) substrate peptide (0.3 mM, H₂N-ARTKQTARK(tri-methyl)STGGKA-amide) (SEQ ID NO. 1).

Three negative control reactions are performed in which 2-OG, the H3K9me3 peptide, and JMJD2A are omitted, respectively. Furthermore, two additional reactions are performed with known inhibitors of JmjC histone demethylases to demonstrate that Luminos reagent can quantify small molecule-based inhibition of these enzymes. Specifically, reactions are performed with 1.0 mM N-oxalylglycine (NOG), a competitive inhibitor of 2-OG, and desferoxamine (0.2 mM), a potent Fe(II) chelator that inhibits the oxidative reaction catalyzed by Fe(II)-dependent JmjC demethylases. These assays are initiated by the addition of 2-OG and the H3K9me3 peptide. All of the reactions are performed in triplicate at 37° C. and are quenched with the addition of 5.0 uL of 4 mM desferoxamine (final concentration=0.2 mM) after 30 minutes. Fifty microliters of the Luminos reagent solution prepared as described in Example 1 is then added to each reaction and the fluorescence is allowed to develop at 37° C. for 30 minutes. The fluorescence of the formaldehyde-Luminos reagent adduct is measured at 510 nm using an excitation wavelength of 440 nm with a Tecan Safire 2 microplate reader. The triplicate measurements from each reaction are then averaged and plotted as bar graphs with standard deviation illustrated as error bars, shown in FIG. 2.

An analysis of the data demonstrates that the positive control assay displays strong fluorescence with Luminos reagent with low standard deviation among the three replicate assays (57,000±400 relative fluorescence units). Omission of 2-OG, the H3K9me3 peptide, or JMJD2A results in a ˜30-fold reduction in the fluorescence signal. Similarly, inclusion of the demethylase inhibitors NOG and deferoxamine diminishes fluorescence two-fold and 12-fold, respectively, in comparison to the positive control assay. The modest inhibition observed with NOG (1 mM) is due to a comparable concentration of the substrate 2-OG (0.5 mM) to which NOG competes for binding to JmjC demethylases. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2, an assay of the present invention detects JmjD2a demethylase activity rapidly and sensitively.

Example 3

Assay of LSD1 Type Histone Demethylase Activity

A demethylase assay according to an embodiment of the present invention is performed using Luminos reagent to detect a direct product of the histone demethylation reaction, formaldehyde. Recombinant of LSD-1 used in the assay is the active N-terminal truncation (residues 151-852, Genbank Accession # NM_(—)015013) of human cDNA produced recombinantly in E. coli (SEQ ID NO. 4):

LPPPPPQAPPEEENESEPEEPSGVEGAAFQSRLPHDRMTSQEAACFPDII SGPQQTQKVFLFIRNRTLQLWLDNPKIQLTFEATLQQLEAPYNSDTVLVH RVHSYLERHGLINFGIYKRIKPLPTKKTGKVIIIGSGVSGLAAARQLQSF GMDVTLLEARDRVGGRVATFRKGNYVADLGAMVVTGLGGNPMAVVSKQVN MELAKIKQKCPLYEANGQAVPKEKDEMVEQEFNRLLEATSYLSHQLDFNV LNNKPVSLGQALEVVIQLQEKHVKDEQIEHWKKIVKTQEELKELLNKMVN LKEKIKELHQQYKEASEVKPPRDITAEFLVKSKHRDLTALCKEYDELAET QGKLEEKLQELEANPPSDVYLSSRDRQILDWHFANLEFANATPLSTLSLK HWDQDDDFEFTGSHLTVRNGYSCVPVALAEGLDIKLNTAVRQVRYTASGC EVIAVNTRSTSQTFIYKCDAVLCTLPLGVLKQQPPAVQFVPPLPEWKTSA VQRMGFGNLNKVVLCFDRVFWDPSVNLFGHVGSTTASRGELFLFWNLYKA PILLALVAGEAAGIMENISDDVIVGRCLAILKGIFGSSAVPQPKETVVSR WRADPWARGSYSYVAAGSSGNDYDLMAQPITPGPSIPGAPQPIPRLFFAG EHTIRNYPATVHGALLSGLREAGRIADQFLGAMYTLPRQATPGVPAQQSP SM

LSD-1 specifically demethylates mono- or dimethylated histone H3, lysine residue 4 (H3,K4) and histone H3, lysine 9 (H3K9) to a much lesser extent. A synthetic 21-residue peptide from the N-terminal sequence of human histone H3 with dimethylation on the ε-amino function of lysine 4 (H3K4-Me2) is used as the reaction substrate. Recombinant N-terminal truncation, residues 151-852 of human LSD1 and the Histone H3 Dimethyl lysine-4 peptide substrate are available commercially from Biomol International.

The assay is performed in a black half-area microtiter plate (Costar 3686) in a total reaction volume of 100 microliters containing 25 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.8, 5% glycerol, 50 micromolar H3K4-Me2, and 0.235 micrograms of the recombinant LSD-1.

Duplicate wells containing the 100 microliter reaction are set up to allow a comparison of simultaneous and sequential detection with purified Fluoral-P. The simultaneous reactions contained the 100 microliter reaction volume as well as 50 microliters formaldehyde detection reagent, either purified 4-amino-3-penten-2-one or Luminos reagent, while the sequential reactions contained only the 100 microliter reaction volumes. Reactions containing no enzyme or which contain no formaldehyde detection reagent are performed as controls.

The microtiter plate is incubated at 30° C. for 60 minutes then read for fluorescent signal using a BMG Labtechnologies FluoStar Galaxy in fluorescence intensity mode to detect at 510 nm (±10 nm bandwidth) wavelength with excitation wavelength at 390 nm. To evaluate the sequential format of the assay, formaldehyde detection reagent, either purified 4-amino-3-penten-2-one or Luminos reagent, is added to the sequential reaction wells (50 microliters) and the plate incubated for an additional 30 minutes at 37° C. to allow fluorescent adduct formation. The plated is read as before and the net data of all wells graphed.

As noted above, in this example assay reactions are performed in 2 different assay formats. FIG. 3 is a graph showing results of both LSD1 assay types. The first LSD1 assay type is a sequential assay involved incubating the LSD1 enzyme with the dimethyl peptide in 100 μL of buffer for 60 minutes to generate formaldehyde, followed by addition of 50 μL Luminos reagent and incubating for a further 30 minutes. Results of the sequential assay are shown at A in FIG. 3. The second LSD1 assay type is a simultaneous reaction in which 100 μL of LSD1 and peptide substrate plus 50 μL of the formaldehyde detection reagent are added simultaneously and incubated for 90 minutes. Results of the simultaneous reaction are shown at B in FIG. 3.

The sequential reaction method generates a 28% greater net signal than the simultaneous reaction method. Signal generated during the sequential reaction includes not only adduct formation with already existing formaldehyde from the initial 60 minute incubation, but also from additional demethylation and adduct formation occurring during the Luminos reagent incubation.

Enzyme activity assays of the present invention can detect oxidative demethylase activity of enzymes such as LSD1 and JMJD2A with a signal to background ratio of 20:1 or greater when positive control reactions are compared with negative control assays.

Example 4

Assay of P-450 Demethylase Activity

An assay of P-450 demethylase activity is performed according to methods of the present invention. The lanosterol 14a-demethylase P-450 enzyme (P-45014DM), catalyzes the removal of a methyl group in the initial reaction in the biosynthesis of cholesterol from lanosterol. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of C-32 of lanosterol, forming formaldehyde as a byproduct.

The 14α-demethylase P-450 enzyme is isolated from microsomes as described in Trzaskos, J. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 261:14651-14657, 1986. The sterol substrate of the 14α-demethylase P-450 enzyme, 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, is isolated as described in Trzaskos, J. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 259:13402-13412, 1984.

The substrate 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, is suspended in 1.33% Tyloxapol and then diluted to a final concentration of 1000 μM. The P-450 demethylation assay is performed in a black half-area microtiter plate (Costar 3686) in a final volume of 100 μL of 100 mM potassium phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM dithiothreitol, 20% glycerol, pH 7.4, 0.02% Triton N-101, 100 pg of dilaurylphosphatidylcholine, 0.1 mM NADH, 1.0 mM NADPH, 10 mM isocitrate, 0.5 units of isocitrate dehydrogenase, 0.4 mM MgCl₂, 1 unit of NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase, 0.1 nmol cytochrome P-450. Incubations are started by the addition of 50 pmol of the sterol substrate. The microtiter plate is incubated at 30° C. for 60 minutes. Fifty microliters of the Luminos reagent prepared as described in Example 1 is added to appropriate wells and the plate is incubated for a further 30 minutes. The fluorescent signal is then read using a Turner Modulus in fluorescence intensity mode to detect at 510 nm (−10 nm bandwidth) wavelength with excitation wavelength at 390 nm.

Example 5

Assay of DNA Demethylase Activity

An assay is performed according to an embodiment of the present invention to detect a direct product of a DNA demethylation reaction, formaldehyde. The AlkB protein of Escherichia coli, and its orthologs in other organisms, catalyzes the removal of alkyl groups from methylated DNA through oxidation to form formaldehyde.

The enzymes major substrates are 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine. Double-stranded methylated substrates are generated by incubating the single stranded oligonucleotides containing the methyl modifications with 1.5-fold molar excess of the unmethylated complementary oligonucleotide at 37° C. for 30 min in annealing buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA).

E. coli AlkB can be generated recombinantly as described in Roy, T. W. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 35(21):e147.

A DNA demethylase assay in this example is performed in a black half-area microtiter plate (Costar 3686) in a total reaction volume of 100 microliters containing 20 mM HEPES, pH 8, 200 mM a-ketoglutarate, 2 mM L-ascorbic acid, 20 mM Fe(NH4)₂(SO₄)₂ and 100 mg/ml BSA. AlkB (final concentration 14 nM) is incubated with increasing concentration of methylated oligonucleotide substrate (2.1-42 mM). The microtiter plate is incubated at 30° C. for 60 minutes. Fifty microliters of Luminos reagent prepared as described in Example 1 is added and the plate is incubated for a further 30 minutes. The signal is then read using a BMG Labtechnologies FluoStar Galaxy in fluorescence intensity mode to detect at 510 nm (±10 nm bandwidth) wavelength with excitation wavelength at 390 nm.

Example 6

Assay of DNA Demethylase Activity

DNA demethylase activity is assayed using methods of the present invention. DNA demethylases, exemplified by human methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2, can be purified as described in Bhattacharya, S. K. et al., Nature 397 (6720), 579-583, 1999 for use in an inventive assay. Synthetic substrate is generated by in vitro methylation of plasmid DNA. Five micrograms of plasmid DNA is incubated with 8 units of SssI CpG DNA methyltransferase commercially available from New England Biolabs Inc. in a buffer recommended by the manufacturer containing 320 micromolar S-adenosylmethionine, at 37° C. for 2 h as described in Bhattacharya, S. K. et al. The procedure is repeated until full protection from HpaII digestion is observed.

To assay DNA demethylase activity, 5 ng of methylated plasmid is incubated with 1.4 units of the DNA demethylase in buffer containing 20 micrograms of RNase A, for 10 s to 2 h. Luminos reagent solution (50 microliters) is then added to the reaction and the fluorescence is allowed to develop at 37° C. for 30 minutes. The fluorescence of the formaldehyde-Luminos reagent adduct is measured at 510 nm using an excitation wavelength of 440 nm with a Tecan Safire 2 microplate reader.

Example 7

Formaldehyde Detection

Formaldehyde concentrations in urine obtained from human subjects suspected of exposure to formaldehyde are ascertained using assays according to embodiments of the present invention. Eighteen random clean catch human urine samples are assayed in this example. Human urine is diluted 1:40 with deionized water and 100 μL of the diluted urine is added to the microtiter plate. Formaldehyde standards including 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 micromolar formaldehyde are placed in separate wells of the microtiter plate. 50 μL of Luminos reagent is added to the sample and standards and after a 30 minute incubation at 37° C. the fluorescent signal generated in each well is measured at 510 nm using an excitation wavelength of 440 nm with a Tecan Safire 2 microplate reader. A standard curve generated using known amounts of formaldehyde in this assay is shown in FIG. 4. The fluorescence measured in the sample is compared to the fluorescence measured for the formaldehyde standards. Formaldehyde concentrations in the neat urine samples range from 18 to 776 μM with an average of 225 μM. These samples are also assayed using a urinary creatinine assay kit, which adjusts formaldehyde concentration for urine output, and the formaldehyde levels normalized to creatinine concentration. Normalized values range from 73.0 to 1,026 μmoles formaldehyde/gram creatinine.

Any patents or publications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication is specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

The compositions, methods and kits described herein are presently representative of preferred embodiments, exemplary, and not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art. Such changes and other uses can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims. 

1. A method of assaying enzyme-mediated oxidative demethylation, comprising: combining an oxidative demethylation enzyme, a substrate for the oxidative demethylation enzyme and 4-amino-3-penten-2-one in a reaction mixture under physiological conditions; and detecting fluorescence resulting from reaction of formaldehyde and 4-amino-3-penten-2-one in the reaction mixture under physiological conditions, the formaldehyde generated by oxidative demethylation of the substrate by the enzyme.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidative demethylation enzyme is selected from the group consisting of: a histone demethylase, a DNA demethylase and a P450 enzyme having demethylase activity.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidative demethylation enzyme is a human oxidative demethylation enzyme.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: mixing ammonium acetate, acetyl acetone and acetic acid in a solvent, the ammonium acetate added to a concentration in the range of about 0.125M-8M, inclusive, the acetyl acetone added to a concentration in the range of about 0.005M-1.6M, inclusive, and the acetic acid added to a concentration in the range of about 0.0125M-3.2M, inclusive, to produce a formaldehyde detection reagent comprising the 4-amino-3-penten-2-one. 